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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Hard-paste porcelain ： ウィキペディア英語版 Hard-paste porcelain Hard-paste porcelain is a ceramic material that was originally made from a compound of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at very high temperature. It was first made in China around the 7th or 8th century.〔Fleming, John & Hugh Honour. (1977) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts. '' London: Allen Lane, p. 622. ISBN 0713909412〕 ==History== Chinese porcelain began to be exported to Europe by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch from the middle of the 16th century, creating vast demand for the material. The discovery in Europe of the secret of its manufacture has conventionally been credited to Johann Friedrich Böttger of Meissen, Germany in 1708,〔Hildyard, Robin. (1999) ''European Ceramics''. London: V&A Publications, p.46. ISBN 1851772596〕 but it has also been claimed that English manufacturers〔(Pots of fame ) economist.com, 31 March 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2013. (Archived here. )〕 or Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus produced porcelain first.〔(Biography of Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus ) Tschirnhaus Society, 9 February 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2013. (Archived here. )〕〔("The Discovery of European Porcelain Technology" ) by C.M. Queiroz & S. Agathopoulos, 2005.〕 Certainly, the Meissen factory, established 1710, was the first to produce porcelain in Europe in large quantities and since the recipe was kept a trade secret by Böttger for his company, experiments continued elsewhere throughout Europe. In 1712, the French Jesuit François Xavier d'Entrecolles described the Chinese process of manufacturing porcelain in his letters to Europe. In 1771, the comte de Milly published ''L'art de la porcelaine'', a detailed account of the processes of creating hard-paste porcelain, ending its prestige as a rare and valuable material. Hard-paste, or just hard porcelain, now chiefly refers to formulations prepared from mixtures of kaolin, feldspar and quartz. Other raw materials can also be used and these include pottery stones, which historically were known as petunse although this name has long fallen out of use.〔‘Chinese Porcelain’. N.Wood. ''Pottery Q''. 12, (47), 101, 1977〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hard-paste porcelain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.